WHAT IS TRAUMA?
Trauma is a painful emotional experience caused by an event or events that challenge a person’s sense of safety. These events are often sudden and unexpected. Children and adolescents who witness or experience violent situations are likely to have traumatic reactions. While traumatic events are often not preventable, traumatic reactions can be reduced through early intervention and therapy. It’s important that we remain trauma-informed, and ask “What happened to that child?” as opposed to “What’s wrong with that child.”
A trauma-informed lens changes the narrative and helps us provide proper treatment for big behaviors and emotions.
What does trauma take away? It takes away a child’s sense of safety, self/body-image, and trust. It also disrupts developing healthy attachments and relationships. Being trauma-informed changes the question from “what is wrong with you?” to “what happened to you?” More importantly, it teaches you to respond to the need, not the behavior, of a child.
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study
The groundbreaking work of CDC-Kaiser Permanente resulted in The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACEs). One of the largest investigations into childhood abuse and neglect, ACEs uncovered the long-term adult physical and mental health effects of adversity.
Conducted from 1995 to 1997, ACEs involved over 17,000 participants. These participants received physical exams and completed confidential surveys regarding their childhood, current health, and behaviors. What was discovered was staggering. The study revealed that because of adversities experienced in childhood, children’s developing brains were so profoundly harmed that the effects could be seen many years later. Consequently, adults who experienced adversities, including physical, sexual and verbal abuse, or physical and emotional neglect, are far more likely to experience chronic disease and mental illness. Additionally, a child could experience ACEs through a family member who is depressed or diagnosed with other mental illness. Children could also experience it because an adult in their household was addicted to alcohol or another substance, or in prison. Other adversities include witnessing domestic violence and losing a parent to separation, divorce or other reason. Bullying is also considered an ACE factor.
Today, ACEs are measured based on a simple set of questions regarding childhood experiences. You can learn more about the ACEs study here in your journey to becoming trauma-informed. Click through the links below to learn more.
Resources About Trauma
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) 3 Part Audio Program on the Effects of Trauma on our Community:
- NPR’s Can Family Secrets Make You Sick
- Voices In the Family: Behavioral health reporter Maiken Scott and psychologist Dan Gottlieb discuss what helps people after a trauma.
- Dr. Nadine Burke Harris’s TED talk on How Childhood Trauma Affects Health Across a Lifetime
- ReMoved is a short film seen through the eyes of a foster child. It is sad, yet telling of what trauma can do. Removed has two parts: ReMoved, Part 2
- Trailers for two documentaries on trauma and resilience: Resilience and Paper Tigers
- Bruce Perry Edison Talks: The Body’s Most Fascinating Organ: the Brain
What Does It mean to be “TRAUMA-INFORMED”?
As parents, it can be difficult to know how to respond to our children after a traumatic event has occurred. Frequently we are overwhelmed with our own reactions to what happened and it takes all we have to make it through the day. Traumatic events often affect the entire family including parents, making it more challenging to support your child emotionally.
Many times, children do not immediately appear to be affected by what they saw or heard. We may assume that if they are not talking about what happened then the event must not have left a negative imprint on them. However, even if your children do not show any visible changes in their behavior, the experiences that they have gone through can have a lasting impact. Many children who experience a traumatic situation attempt to avoid painful or scary memories as a way to deal with the overwhelming experience. In fact, research has increasingly shown “that experiences in childhood have relatively more impact on the developing child than experiences that occur later in life”. (Perry 2000) Reactions to a traumatic situation can develop in any child regardless of age, gender, income level or prior emotional health.
Without the proper emotional support, children can begin to show behavioral and emotional difficulties including:
- difficulty concentrating in school
- lowered grades
- increased irritation and aggression
- withdraw from family members or others
- sleeping difficulties
- excessive worrying about one’s safety or someone else’s safety in the home
- and regressive behaviors (acting younger than one’s age)
TRAUMA-INFORMED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
Studies have shown that by age four, one out of every four children have either witnessed or experienced an event that could be considered traumatic. Additionally, a child and parent survey of 155 Head Start participants showed that 78% of children and 66% of parents reported that they had been exposed to at least one type of community violence in the form of beatings, shootings, stabbings, or robberies. If not addressed, these traumatic events can lead to difficulties later on life, such as alcoholism, depression, poor health, and other diseases like cancer (Holmes, Levy, Smith, Pinne, Neese, 2014).
While it may not be possible to prevent these traumatic events, a consistent environment that promotes feelings of safety and care also provides the ideal setting in which to identify those children affected by traumatic events (Holmes et al., 2014). Additionally, studies have shown that due to the limited resources for prevention and treatment, it is more effective and more affordable to implement prevention and early intervention programs during pre-school years than it later on in life (Kingston & Tough, 2014).
ChildSavers’ trauma-informed Child Development Services team work to provide the tools early care professionals need to deliver quality child care to the children and families that receive their services. Through our core programs we provide guidance on developing safe and stimulating early care environments, supportive teacher/child interactions, and healthy foundations for building a resilient child. These supports give children what they need to bounce back when faced with one of life’s most critical moments whether that is building their brain and meeting their milestones or recovering from a traumatic event.
TRAUMA-INFORMED MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Early intervention through therapy can prevent many trauma-related symptoms from developing. Trauma-informed therapy at ChildSavers provides children with the opportunity to openly express their thoughts and feelings in a safe environment. Children often have difficulty talking about painful things that they have witnessed or have happened to them. Our therapists at ChildSavers use integrative therapies including play and art to make it easier for children to express themselves. Our clinicians are always working with you and your child to minimize the lasting effects that a traumatic experience can have on emotional development.
ChildSavers Immediate Response Services
Our Immediate Response program is the City of Richmond’s only program devoted to Trauma Response and Crisis Intervention services for children exposed to trauma or experiencing a mental health crisis. The majority of children who participate in Trauma Response have witnessed or experienced a violent event. ChildSavers’ clinicians are often contacted by the Richmond Police Department, Richmond Ambulance Authority, or other community agencies to provide immediate mental health services. Our services are offered regardless of a family or guardian’s ability to pay, for a child or adolescent between the ages of 2-17 who has experienced a recent traumatic event. Trauma Response is prevention-focused and strives to reduce the effects of violence on children through:
- 24/7 Immediate Response
When a Trauma Response clinician is contacted by the Police, Ambulance, or other professionals they arrive at the traumatic event to assist children and families. They assess the emotional and physical safety from the perspective of the child. Clinicians attend to the emotional needs of children at the scene, often engaging them in symptom soothing activities. - 24 Hour Follow-up
The clinician who responds to the traumatic event schedules a time for follow-up with the family. Typically 24 hours after the event, the clinician will visit the family to reassess the child’s reaction to the event, educate parents about symptoms of trauma, and schedule a time to begin counseling. In some cases, referrals are made weeks or months after the traumatic event. Clinicians will contact families for follow up within 24 hours of these cases as well. - Trauma Counseling Services
Children are engaged in counseling services over the course of 10-12 sessions. Counseling services are trauma treatment focused, aimed at establishing safety, developing emotional regulation skills, identifying resources, and enhancing resiliency. Ongoing counseling services are provided by our Mental Health Services when needed.
How to be trauma-informed
Left untreated, traumatic experiences can have a lifelong negative impact on the child’s physical and emotional health. This ultimately impacts our whole community with increased costs associated with adult mental health services, social services, and criminal justice costs.
During a traumatic event, our body reacts by releasing the potent hormone cortisol — often called ‘the stress hormone.’ While cortisol is necessary for survival functions (i.e. fight or flight) by providing us a burst of energy and lower sensitivity to pain, it can become toxic if a prolonged state of stress occurs. Over time, new brain patterns can emerge based on increased levels of cortisol. Research on children and adults has shown that damage to the brain caused by cortisol results in problems with emotional regulation, impulse control, rational thinking, and socialization.
Children who have been exposed to traumatic situations such as witnessing domestic violence, homicide, shooting, death, assault, fire, and community violence may exhibit behaviors that look similar to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms. These can include decreased ability to concentrate and increased impulsivity or agitation. Proper assessment and treatment are necessary to best support the child in navigating his or her experience.
Therapeutic interventions provided by Trauma Response clinicians focus on re-establishing safety, developing emotional regulation skills, identifying resources, and enhancing resiliency. A primary focus of our work is to help the child resolve the trauma experience by reconnecting the mind with the body. This connects the memories of trauma with the ways the body responded during and after the trauma. Successful integration of the mind and body experience using integrative techniques can alleviate many traumatic stress reactions and prevent future distress.
Children who have experienced a traumatic event within the last year are eligible to receive services through the Trauma Response program at ChildSavers at no cost to the families. With permission from the parent or guardian, professionals can call ChildSavers to make a referral for counseling services.
If you know that a child has been exposed to a traumatic situation, please call ChildSavers by phoning (804) 644-9590. When making a referral, please indicate that you are making a referral to Trauma Response. After receiving the intake information, we will follow up with the family within 24 hours.
Trauma-informed resource for mental health and early child care professionals:
- ChildTrauma Academy
- National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- National Child Traumatic Stress Network
- Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute
Information about Trauma for parents and guardians of children:
Looking for trauma-informed therapy for your child or training to help you and your team become more sensitive to the effects of trauma on children? Contact us to schedule a child therapy session in Richmond or a custom trauma training session.
